【同义词辨析】 突然precipitate-sudden
precipitate: stresses lack of due deliberation and implies prematureness of action: the army's ~ withdrawal. (premature不成熟为时过早,如premature babies/death早产儿/英年离世,工程界有句话premature optimization is the root of all evil过早的(不成熟的)优化是万恶之源) (又如a precipitate decision/act仓促的决定/行为,本例撤退。 另一形容词precipitous和precipitate同义,如a precipitous action仓促欠考虑的行为,但还表示steep陡的、急速变化的)
headlong: stresses rashness and lack of forethought of persons or acts: a ~ flight from arrest. (rash不加考虑的lack of forethought,如a rash decision that you will regret later你会为这个仓促的决定后悔。 forethought顾名思义是预先思考,因此headlong比precipitate严重,precipitate仅是缺乏"深思熟虑",而headlong是不顾后果甚至连考虑都没有考虑)
abrupt: stresses curtness and a lack of warning or ceremony: an ~ refusal. (curt简短无礼: 简短到让人感到无礼disconcerting shortness and rude conciseness,如a curt comment about the cause of the foul-up简短无礼地说出故障原因) (ceremony仪式,原指正式活动,扩展为表示有礼貌polite and formal,如she presented the gifts with great ceremony她礼貌的呈上礼物) 又如he told them abruptly and without ceremony that they would have to leave她唐突无礼的让他们离开
impetuous: stresses extreme impatience or impulsiveness: it is a bit ~ to propose marriage on the third date. impulsive冲动: 受当前情绪影响而做事,未加思考形成意志 (impetusous虽说不上褒义,但贬义很弱甚至比较正面,如之前用它解释brash形容有冲劲不顾虑。 在《君主论prince》倒数第2章,马基雅维利说: "...I certainly think that it is better to be impetuous than cautious, for fortune is a woman...",他说"历史上有些君主因为慎重取得成就,有些因为冲动取得成就,但总的来说,我确信冲动好于慎重,因为命运是个女人...她喜欢1是胆大2是年轻的人",他的意思是时势造英雄,人本性难移,如果时局适合冲动,冲动的人就能取得成功,慎重也一样。他认为总的说来,冲动要比慎重、保守好。impetuous是这一组里贬义最轻,甚至带褒义的词。这个词和解释也很好记,3个词都以imp开头)
sudden: stresses unexpectedness and sharpness or impetuousness of action: flew into a ~ rage. sharp锐利形容快quick,如a sharp knife锐利的刀快刀。突然包含快速sharp的意思,没有单独译出 没有将impetuous冲动译出,因为sudden主要表示未曾预料来得很快
precipitate仓促: 表示考虑不充分不成熟,headlong仓促: 强调完全没有考虑,更严重,abrupt唐突无礼: 表示说话过于简短做事无礼,不事先提醒,impetuous冲动: 指非常冲动没耐心,sudden突然: 强调未曾预料且很快发生
记忆方法: 1) 首字母PHAIS组合成HAP IS运气总是<==突然降临 hap运气: 从天而降落入命运的运气,可以是幸运或厄运,这里首字母hap is联想为运气总是(突然降临) "突"是会意字,从穴从犬,字形像"犬从洞中冲出",本义是"急速地往外冲",如突然突发突现冲突突出突兀唐突
2) 突然的意思是急促或出人意料mean showing undue haste or unexpectedness.首字母PHAIS组合成HAP IS运气总是<==突然降临